Diphtheria, Tetanus & Pertussis

Caused By

Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis are serious diseases caused by bacteria.

Spread By

Diphtheria and pertussis are spread from person to person. Tetanus enters the body through cuts or wounds.

Danger

DIPHTHERIA causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. It can lead to breathing problems, paralysis, heart failure and even death.

TETANUS (Lockjaw) causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can lead to “locking” of the jaw so the victim cannot open his mouth or swallow. Tetanus leads to death in up to 2 out of 10 cases.

PERTUSSIS (Whooping Cough) causes coughing spells so bad that it is hard for infants to eat, drink or breathe. These spells can last for weeks. It can lead to pneumonia, seizures (jerking and staringspells), brain damage and death.

Frequency

Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine (DTaP) can help prevent these diseases. Most children who are vaccinated with DTaP will be protected throughout childhood. Many more children would get these diseases if we stopped vaccinating.

Know More:

https://youtu.be/5DhlknmZ6Y0?si=35TRo4Kb6cXX1sim

Hepatitis A

Caused By

Hepatitis A is a serious liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV).

Spread By

HAV is found in the stool of people with hepatitis A.

Danger

It is usually spread by close personal contact and sometimes by eating food or drinking water containing HAV. A person who has hepatitis A can easily pass the disease to others within the same household.

Hepatitis A can cause:

flu-like illness

jaundice (yellow skin or eyes, dark urine)

severe stomach pains and diarrhea (children)

People with hepatitis A often have to be hospitalized (up to about 1 person in 5).

Adults with hepatitis A are often too ill to work for up to a month. Sometimes, people die as a result of hepatitis A (about 3-6 deaths per 1,000 cases).

Frequency

A total of 2 doses of Hep A are administered to children at 1 & 2 years of age

Protection

Hepatitis A vaccine can prevent hepatitis A.

Know more:

https://youtu.be/qptdkX2Hxvo?si=L94RBTTAe7ndS02u

Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine (MCV)

Caused By

Meningococcal disease is a serious illness caused by a type of bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis.

Spread By

Meningococcal disease can spread from person to person through close contact (coughing or kissing) or lengthy contact, especially among people living in the same household.

Danger

It can lead to meningitis (infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and infections of the blood.

Meningococcal disease often occurs without warning – even among people who are otherwise healthy. Even when it is treated, meningococcal disease kills 10 to 15 infected people out of 100. And of those who survive, about 10 to 20 out of every 100 will suffer disabilities such as hearing loss, brain damage, kidney damage, amputations, nervous system problems or severe scars from skin grafts.

Protection

Meningococcal ACWY vaccines can help prevent meningococcal disease caused by serogroups A, C, W, and Y.

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV)

Spread By

Pneumococcal disease is caused by bacteria that can spread from person to person through close contact.

Danger

It can cause ear infections, and it can also lead to more serious infections of the:

Lungs (pneumonia)

Blood (bacteremia)

Covering of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).

Pneumococcal pneumonia is most common among adults. Pneumococcal meningitis can cause deafness and brain damage, and it kills about 1 child in 10 who get it. Treatment of pneumococcal infections with penicillin and other drugs is not as effective as it used to be, because some strains of the disease have become resistant to these drugs. This makes prevention of the disease, through vaccination, even more important.

Frequency

PCV is routinely given to children at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months of age.

Protection

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine protects against 10/13 types of pneumococcal bacteria.

Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV)

Caused By

Typhoid (typhoid fever) is a serious disease. It is caused by bacteria called Salmonella Typhi.

Spread By

People get typhoid from contaminated food or water.

Danger

Typhoid causes a high fever, fatigue, weakness, stomach pains, headache, loss of appetite, and sometimes a rash. If it is not treated, it can kill up to 30% of people who get it.

Some people who get typhoid become “carriers” who can spread the disease to others. Typhoid strikes about 21 million people a year around the world and kills about 200,000.

Frequency

Typhoid TCV is scheduled for children at 10 months & 2 years. Depending on the brand it might be repeated every 3 years for older children.

Protection

Typhoid vaccine can prevent typhoid.

Influenza

Caused By

Influenza (“u”) is acontagious disease that spreads every year, usually between October and May.

Spread By

Flu is caused by influenza viruses, and is spread mainly by coughing, sneezing, and close contact.

Danger

Anyone can get Influenza. Flu strikes suddenly and can last several days. Symptoms vary by age, but can include:

fever/chills

sore throat

muscle aches

fatigue

cough

headache

runny or stuffy nose

Flu can also lead to pneumonia and blood infections, and cause diarrhea and seizures in children. If you have a medical condition, such as heart or lung disease, you can make it worse.

Flu is more dangerous for some people. Infants and young children, people 65 years of age and older, pregnant women and people with certain health conditions or a weakened immune system are at greatest risk.

Frequency

A dose of flu vaccine is recommended every flu season. Small Children may need two doses during the same flu season.

Protection

Flu vaccine can:

keep you from getting flu

make u less severe if you do get it

keep you from spreading it to your family and other people.

Chickenpox (Varicella)

Caused By

Chickenpox (also called varicella) is a common childhood disease.

Spread By

The chickenpox virus can be spread from person to person through the air, or by contact with fluid from chickenpox blisters.

Danger

It is usually mild, but it can be serious, especially in young infants and adults.

It causes a rash, itching, fever, and tiredness.

It can lead to severe skin infection, scars, pneumonia, brain damage, or death.

A person who has had chickenpox can get a painful rash called shingles years later.

Chickenpox vaccine can prevent chickenpox.

Frequency

Children who have never had chickenpox should get 2Â doses of chickenpox vaccine at these ages:

1st Dose: 12-15 months of age

2nd Dose: 4-6 years of age (may be given earlier, if at least 3 months after the 1st dose)

Know More:

https://youtu.be/7MmkGkCAOA0?si=_TlTyKxKgXT_rE7Y

Protection

Most people who get chickenpox vaccine will not get chickenpox. But if someone who has been vaccinated does get chickenpox, it is usually very mild. They will have fewer blisters, are less likely to have a fever, and will recover faster.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

Caused By

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted virus.

Spread By

HPV is usually spread through sexual contact.

Danger

Most HPV infections don’t cause any symptoms, and go away on their own. But HPV can cause cervical cancer in women. Cervical cancer is the 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths among women around the world. HPV is also associated with several less common cancers, such as vaginal and vulvar cancers in women and other types of cancer in both men and women. It can also cause genital warts and warts in the throat.

There is no cure for HPV infection, but some of the problems it causes can be treated.

Frequency

HPV vaccine is recommended for girls starting at age 9. A total of 2 or 3 Vaccines are administered depending on the brand.

Protection

HPV vaccine is important because it can prevent most cases of cervical cancer in females, if it is given before a person is exposed to the virus.Protection from HPV vaccine is expected to be long- lasting. But vaccination is not a substitute for cervical cancer screening. Women should still get regular Pap tests.

Haemophilus Influenzae type B (HIB)

Caused By

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease is a serious disease caused by bacteria. It usually affects children under 5 years old. It can also affect adults with certain medical conditions.

Spread By

Your child can get Hib disease by being around other children or adults who may have the bacteria and not know it. The germs spread from person to person. If the germs stay in the child’s nose and throat, the child probably will not get sick. But sometimes the germs spread into the lungs or the bloodstream, and then Hib can cause serious problems. This is called invasive Hib disease.

Danger

Before Hib vaccine, Hib disease was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis. Meningitis is an infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord. It can lead to brain damage and deafness. Hib disease can also cause:

pneumonia

severe swelling in the throat, making it hard to breathe

infections of the blood, joints, bones, and covering of the heart

death

Frequency

A total of 4 doses of HIB vaccine are administered to children at 6, 10, 14 weeks & 15 months.

Hib vaccine may be given as part of a combination vaccine.

Protection

Hib vaccine can prevent Hib disease.

Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR)

Caused By

Measles, mumps and rubella are serious diseases. Before vaccines they were very common, especially among children.

Spread By

These diseases spread from person to person through the air. You can easily catch them by being around someone who is already infected.

Danger

Measles

Measles virus causes rash, cough, runny nose, eye irritation, and fever.

It can lead to ear infection, pneumonia, seizures (jerking and staring), brain damage, and death.

Mumps

Mumps virus causes fever, headache, muscle pain, loss of appetite, and swollen glands.

It can lead to deafness, meningitis (infection of the brain and spinal cord covering), painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries, and rarely sterility.

Rubella (German Measles)

Rubella virus causes rash, arthritis (mostly in women), and mild fever.

If a woman gets rubella while she is pregnant, she could have a miscarriage or her baby could be born with serious birth defects.

Frequency

Children should get 2 doses of MMR vaccine:

First Dose: 9-15 months of age

Second Dose: 4-6 years of age (may be given earlier, if at least 28 days after the 1st dose)

Protection

Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine can protect children (and adults) from all three of these diseases.

Injectable Poliio Vaccine (IPV)

Caused By

Polio is a disease caused by a virus.

Spread By

It enters the body through the mouth.

Danger

Usually it does not cause serious illness. But sometimes it causes paralysis (can’t move arm or leg), and it can cause meningitis (irritation of the lining of the brain). It can kill people who get it, usually by paralyzing the muscles that help them breathe.

Frequency

IPV is a shot, given in the leg or arm, depending on age. It may be given at the same time as other vaccines. Children get 4 doses of IPV, at these ages:

A dose at 2 months

A dose at 4 months

A dose at 6-18 months

A booster dose at 4-6 years

Some “combinaton” vaccines (several different vaccines in the same shot) contain IPV. Children getting these vaccines may get one more (5th) dose of polio vaccine. This is not a problem.

Protection

IPV vaccine can prevent polio disease.

Caused By

Hepatitis B is a serious infection that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus.

Spread By

Hepatitis B virus is easily spread through contact with the blood or other body uids of an infected person. People can also be infected from contact with a contaminated object, where the virus can live for up to 7 days.

Danger

Hepatitis B can cause:

Acute (short-term) illness. This can lead to:

loss of appetite

diarrhea and vomiting

tiredness

jaundice (yellow skin or eyes)

pain in muscles, joints, and stomach

Acute illness, with symptoms, is more common among adults. Children who become infected usually do not have symptoms.

Chronic (long-term) infection. Some people go on to develop chronic hepatitis B infection. Most of them do not have symptoms, but the infection is still very serious, and can lead to:

liver damage (cirrhosis)

liver cancer

death

Chronic infection is more common among infants and children than among adults. People who are chronically infected can spread hepatitis B virus to others, even if they don’t look or feel sick.

Frequency

Babies normally get 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine:

Some babies might get 4 doses, for example, if a combination vaccine containing hepatitis B is used. (This is a single shot containing several vaccines.)

Rotavirus

Caused By

Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhea, mostly in babies and young children.

Spread By

Rotavirus is spread by hands, diapers or objects like toys, changing tables or doorknobs.

Danger

The diarrhea can be severe, and lead to dehydration. Vomiting and fever are also common in babies with rotavirus.

Frequency

A total of 2 or 3 doses of Rotavirus vaccine are administered to children at 6, 10 & 14 weeks depending on the brand used

Protection

Almost all babies who get rotavirus vaccine will be protected from severe rotavirus diarrhea. And most of these babies will not get rotavirus diarrhea at all.